Key Points in Preventive Care and Routine Family Medicine Services
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01
Comprehensive Health Examination
A health checkup, commonly known as an MCU, is conducted in a holistic yet personalized manner. It includes a “head-to-toe” physical examination of vital signs, supplemented by Lifestyle Medicine screenings and vital sign assessments, as well as supportive tests such as laboratory tests, an electrocardiogram (EKG), and, if necessary, radiology. Your health journey will be guided by experts, from the initial examination and risk factor assessment to the interpretation of results, consultations, and ongoing support from specialists.
This checkup includes both general and personalized health screenings.
Every individual has their own health risk factors that can trigger the onset of symptoms that may later develop into health problems. These risk factors include personal health history, genetic factors, family medical history, lifestyle and habits, as well as the living and work environments. The more risk factors a person has, the higher their overall risk. Early detection is likely to provide greater benefits for someone with multiple risk factors. Early treatment or intervention can improve health status and help a person live a longer, happier life. Keep in mind that these screening tests are generally intended to determine your level of health risk, not to directly detect a disease; therefore, follow-up tests may be recommended to obtain a clearer diagnosis so that appropriate action can be taken immediately.
Know Your Numbers
If you’re afraid to find out about your health, the good news is that you’re not alone; however, the bad news is that this fear can actually have a negative impact on your own health. The first step you need to take is to identify your health risks and understand your health indicators. The sooner you become aware of these risks, the better. Health risk assessments don’t always require expensive or complicated tests. During your visit to this clinic, the risk screening process will begin by reviewing your lifestyle, habits, work life, history of health issues, and family medical history—and how these factors affect your health. By checking your blood sugar, cholesterol, blood pressure, waist circumference, and body mass index—or even simply assessing your body shape—you can detect risks for heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, which are the leading causes of death worldwide.
AM I AT RISK?
A health risk factor is any attribute, characteristic, or exposure (including lifestyle) that increases a person’s likelihood of developing a disease, injury, or other adverse health condition. Health risk factors consist of (1) nonmodifiable factors, such as age and gender, and (2) modifiable factors, such as diet, sleep quality, smoking, excess weight, and stress management.
It’s time for you to pay more attention to your health. The only person responsible for your health is you. There are three key points you need to understand: No one is immune to health risks; aging is one of the main risk factors for certain noncommunicable diseases. Aging is a natural risk factor that cannot be changed or avoided. The same goes for gender; being a woman specifically puts you at a higher risk of developing certain cancers, such as breast cancer. However, you don’t need to worry because there are steps you can take to manage this risk. You will indeed grow older, but you can do so in a healthy and happy way.
The three elements are:
1. Risk Factor Detection
2. Determine the Risk Level (PDF: Low, Moderate, High)
3. Risk Factor Management
Risk Factor Detection (Part 1 & Part 2) ) -> Determine the Risk Level (PDF: Low, Moderate, High) -> Find Ways to Manage Risk Factors (in the box)
Look for the information box on risk factors for each condition or disease, then ask yourself: AM I AT RISK?
High Blood Pressure
• Older age
• Race (African)
• Family history of high blood pressure
• Overweight or obesity
• Physically inactive
• Too much salt in the diet
• Too little vitamin D in the diet
• Drinking too much alcohol
• High stress levels
• Chronic conditions (kidney disease, diabetes), and pregnancy
High Blood Cholesterol
• Older age
• Women have higher LDL levels after menopause
• Family history of heart attacks
• Overweight or obesity
• Physically inactive
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
• Older age
• Race (African)
• Family history of type 2 diabetes
• Overweight or obesity
• Physically inactive
• High blood pressure
• High blood cholesterol
• History of gestational diabetes
• History of polycystic ovary syndrome
• Prediabetes
What is your risk level? Download: Diabetes Risk Factors
Diabetes During Pregnancy
• Age > 25 years
• Overweight
• Family history of type 2 diabetes
• Previous gestational diabetes
Coronary Artery Disease
• Older age
• Male
• Family history of heart disease
• Overweight or obesity
• Physically inactive
• High blood pressure
• High blood cholesterol
• Smoking
• High stress
• Diabetes
Other possible factors:
• High hs-CRP
• High homocysteine levels
• Sleep apnea
What is your risk level? Download: CAD Risk Factor Levels
Stroke
• Overweight and obesity
• Physically inactive
• Heavy drinker
• the use of illegal drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine
• high blood pressure
• smoking or being exposed to secondhand smoke
• High blood cholesterol
• Diabetes
• Obstructive sleep apnea
• heart defects, heart infections, or heart rhythm disorders
• History of stroke, family history of stroke
What is your risk level? Download: Stroke Risk Factors
Cervical Cancer
• Has a persistent infection with a high-risk type of HPV or a sexually transmitted infection
• High-risk sexual behavior / having multiple sexual partners
• Has an immune disorder ((such as HIV, which can increase your risk of HPV infection)
• Overweight or obesity
• Physically inactive
• Smoking or breathing in secondhand smoke
• Using birth control pills for a long time (five years or more)
• First sexual intercourse at a very young age
Breast Cancer
• Older age
• Women
• Has not yet had children or gave birth after the age of 30
• Previous breast cancer
• BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations
• Not breastfeeding
• Drinking alcohol
• Physically inactive
• Contraception: oral, injectable, or hormonal IUD
• Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (after menopause)
• Exposure to mutagenic substances (radiation, carcinogens
• Overweight or obesity
What is your risk level? Download: Breast Cancer Risk Factors
Lung Cancer
• Smoking and secondhand smoke
• Exposure to radon gas
• Exposure to abscesses and other carcinogens
• Occupational factors (exposure to heavy metals, radiation)
• Exposure to pollution
• Family history of lung cancer
• Older age
What is your risk level? Download: Lung Cancer Risk Factors
Tuberculosis
• All age groups are at risk
• Smoking tobacco
• Close contact with others who have TB.
• People who have immigrated from regions of the world with high rates of tuberculosis
• Living in areas with high rates of TB transmission; homeless people, people who inject drugs, hospitals
• Have diabetes or kidney disease
• People with HIV/AIDS
• Organ transplant recipients
• Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
• People receiving certain specialized treatments for autoimmune disorders
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
• Flu
• Poor air quality or frequent exposure to substances that irritate the lungs
• Smoking tobacco
• A weakened immune system
• A crowded daycare center, which primarily targets infants
• Asthma
• HIV
Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory tract infections in children under five:
• Insufficient breastfeeding
• Upper respiratory tract infections in mothers
• Upper respiratory tract infection in a sibling
• Severe malnutrition
• Cooking fuel
• The vaccinations administered were not age-appropriate
COPD
• Smoking and secondhand smoke
• Exposure to and contact with hazardous pollutants; certain chemicals, smoke, dust
• Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
Chirosis
• Chronic hepatitis B
• Chronic hepatitis C
• Chronic excessive alcohol consumption
• Fatty liver disease (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis)
• autoimmune disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, or primary sclerosing cholangitis)
• and other rare congenital liver diseases
• Older age
• Race (African)
• Family history of high blood pressure
• Overweight or obesity
• Physically inactive
• Too much salt in the diet
• Too little vitamin D in the diet
• Drinking too much alcohol
• High stress levels
• Chronic conditions (kidney disease, diabetes), and pregnancy
02
Vaccination & Immunization
A comprehensive immunization schedule for all ages, ranging from childhood immunizations to adult booster shots such as Tdap, hepatitis, and seasonal flu vaccines.
Take concrete action—get vaccinated
• A child immunization schedule will be provided in accordance with the recommendations of the Indonesian Pediatricians Association (IDAI)
• An adult immunization schedule will be provided in accordance with the recommendations of the Indonesian Association of Internal Medicine Specialists (PAPDI)
• Vaccination is a highly effective way to prevent disease. Vaccination is recommended for people of all ages, from newborns, children, and adolescents to adults and the elderly.
• Vaccination is a simple procedure that you can receive during a visit with your family doctor. The most important thing before getting vaccinated is to obtain accurate information; discuss with your doctor your health risks as well as the types of vaccines that are necessary and recommended for your condition. When traveling to another country or city, certain vaccines may be recommended to prevent diseases that are common or pose a high risk in your destination.
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Acute care
For common illnesses, treatment of minor injuries, wound care, and other acute medical conditions or symptoms
The Best Treatment
Medications aren’t always the best form of treatment; sometimes, you need to better understand your health condition.
Before one, two, or even more medications are prescribed, the most important thing is to understand why they’re being prescribed, whether they’ll help you, and what your diagnosis is. After all, even the best medication won’t be effective if you don’t know why, how, and when to take it. You need to better understand your health condition, which means you need to communicate more. You need to build a better doctor-patient relationship. Once mutual understanding, acceptance, and trust have been established, you’re much more likely to adhere to your treatment plan.
Patients who are noncompliant tend to have uncontrolled health risk factors, misuse medications, and, unfortunately, fail to achieve the expected treatment outcomes. Your compliance is key to the success of your treatment, and it requires cooperation from both sides—you and your doctor—to achieve this.